Some of the major determinations of health are as follows:
1. Genetic
2. Environment
(a) Internal environment
(b) External or macro environment
• Physical environment that has bearing on health
• Biological environment that has bearing on health
• Psycho – social environments
(c) Microenvironment (personal environment)
3. Lifestyle (ways of living)
4. Socio – economic and political conditions
5. Health and family welfare services:
(i) Immunization of children
(ii) Provision of safe water supply
(iii) Maternal and child health care
(iv) Other essential health related programs
Indicator of Health:
1. Mortality indicators:
(i) Crude death rate
(ii) Expectation of life
(iii) Infant mortality rate
(iv) Child mortality rate
(v) Under – five mortality rate
(vi) Maternal mortality rate
(vii) Disease – specific mortality rate
(viii) Proportional mortality rate
2. Morbidity indicator
(i) Incidence and prevalence rate
(ii) Notification rate
(iii) Attendance rate of out – patient departments, health centers etc.
(iv) Admission, readiness and discharge rates in health service institutions
(v) Duration of stay in hospital
(vi) Spells of sickness or absence from work or school.
3. Disability rates
(i) Number of days of restricted activity.
(ii) Bed disability days
(iii) Work loss days (or school loss days) within a specified period
(iv) Limitation of mobility
(v) Limitation of activity
(vi) Expectation of life free of disability
4. Nutritional status indicators
5. Health care delivery indicators:
(i) Doctor – population ratio
(ii) Doctor - Nurse Ratio
(iii) Population – bed ratio
(iv) Population per health center/ sub center
(v) Population per traditional birth attendant
6. Health care utilization rate
7. Quality of life indicators:
(i) Infant mortality rate
(ii) Life expectancy at age one
(iii) Literacy rate
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